By Climatologist Dale Destin

The sun, our ultimate source of energy, provides warmth and light essential for life. However, it also emits ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which, while beneficial in small amounts, poses serious health risks with excessive exposure.

In Antigua and Barbuda, we are now entering the Extreme UV Radiation Season—March to September—the period when the UV Index (UVI) frequently reaches 11+ or extreme levels. During this time, the risk of sun-related ailments, including skin cancers (deaths), is at its highest.

Understanding UV Radiation

UV radiation comes from the sun and is categorized into three types: UVA, UVB, and UVC. Fortunately, UVC is completely absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the Earth’s surface.

UVA and UVB penetrate the atmosphere and can cause harm. Although about 90% of UVB is also absorbed by the ozone layer, it is still strong enough to cause significant damage to human skin and eyes.

The Dangers of Extreme UV Radiation

Prolonged exposure to UV radiation can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

Sunburn

Skin cancer

Premature aging

Eye damage (including cataracts)

Weakened immune system

Heat-related illnesses

Freckles

Liver spots

Who Is Most Vulnerable?

While everyone is susceptible to UV-related health risks, the following groups face the highest risks:

Children

People with fair skin

Individuals with a history of skin cancer

Those with weakened immune systems

Outdoor workers

People living at higher elevations

UV Risks for Darker Skin

It is a common misconception that individuals with darker skin are immune to UV damage. Although melanin offers some natural protection, it does not eliminate the risks.

Black people can still develop skin cancer, hyperpigmentation, and premature aging due to UV exposure, making sun protection necessary for everyone.

​How to Protect Yourself

UV-related health issues are largely preventable through simple protective measures:

Wear protective clothing (long sleeves, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses)

Use sunscreen (SPF 30+ and broad-spectrum protection)

Seek shade (especially between 10 AM and 4 PM)

Avoid tanning beds

Be mindful of medications that increase UV sensitivity

Check the UV Index daily

The UV Index (UVI)

The UV Index is a scale that measures the strength of UV radiation. In Antigua and Barbuda, UVI levels generally range from 7 (high) in December to 13 (extreme) in April. Here’s what each UVI level means:

0-2: Low risk
3-5: Moderate risk
6-7: High risk
8-10: Very high risk
11+: Extreme risk (highest danger for UV-related health issues)

The Extreme UV Radiation Season: March to September

During March to September, Antigua and Barbuda experiences its highest levels of UV radiation. On an average monthly basis, the UVI reaches 11+ (extreme), making this the most dangerous period for UV-related health issues.

Unfortunately, UV radiation cannot be forecast beyond a few days, so we cannot predict if this season will be above, near or below normal in intensity.

However, what is certain is that this period carries the highest risk of sun-related ailments, including skin cancer and eye damage.

UV Radiation vs. Heat Impacts

While both heat and UV radiation come from the sun, they affect humans differently:

Heat impacts refer to high temperatures causing heat exhaustion, dehydration, and heatstroke.

UV radiation impacts result from prolonged exposure to damaging UV rays, leading to sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.

Taking precautions against both is essential for protecting your health.

Conclusion

As we enter the Extreme UV Radiation Season (March–September) in Antigua and Barbuda, it is crucial to stay informed and take protective measures against the sun’s harmful rays. Although the sun is vital for life, its UV radiation can pose serious health risks if precautions are not taken.

By following simple safety steps like using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and checking the UV Index, we can enjoy the outdoors safely while minimizing health risks.